Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering

Current Issue

  • Research on spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services and their socio-ecological driving factors in Chaohu Lake Basin

    WANG Xiaoyan;NIE Lei;HU Shuheng;XU Zimu;WU Danzhou;School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology;Anhui Engineering Consulting Institute;

    [Objective]In the context of rapid urbanization and regional economic growth, studying the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services(ESs) and their driving mechanisms is vital for regional sustainable development. The Chaohu Lake Basin, as an important area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, has significant value in its ecosystem services.[Methods]Using the InVEST model and spatial autocorrelation analysis, the spatiotemporal variation patterns of five key ESs—carbon storage, water yield, habitat quality, soil conservation, and water purification—in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were analyzed. The self-organizing map(SOM) method was used to classify the ESs into four clusters: forest carbon sink cluster, water resource cluster, integrated ecology cluster, and low service cluster. The effect of socio-ecological driving factors was explored using geographically weighted regression(GWR).[Results]The result showed that carbon storage and soil conservation functions significantly increased in forests and grasslands, while water purification function notably improved around industrial areas. In 2000, the synergy index of carbon storage and habitat quality in northern forests was 0.87, whereas in 2020, the synergy index of water yield and water purification in urban areas was 0.77. Driving factors gradually shifted from natural factors(with normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) contributing 98.12%) to social factors, with GDP and population(POP) contributing 10.42% and 45.45% to water purification and habitat quality, respectively, in 2020.[Conclusion]Urbanization significantly influences the spatiotemporal patterns of ESs in the Chaohu Lake Basin. It is essential to optimize ecological environment planning and conservation strategies based on the characteristics of driving factors, balance the trade-offs and synergies of ESs, and achieve sustainable development in the Chaohu Lake Basin.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 3343K]

  • Study on simulation and improvement measures of water exchange capacity in semi-enclosed lakes: A case study of Longjiang Pond in Haitang Bay

    YANG Xiaoyu;WANG Yanhong;WANG Yifei;JIAO Jian;DING Lei;Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute;

    [Objective]Water exchange in semi-enclosed lakes mainly relies on river inflows, making it prone to seasonal and tidal water shortages. Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, the issue of water scarcity in these lakes has become increasingly prominent, leading to complex problems such as water quality deterioration and ecological degradation, urgently requiring effective solutions.[Methods]Longjiang Pond was selected as the study area, and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic-water quality mathematical model of Longjiang Pond was established. Relative pollutant concentration and half time of water exchange were taken as evaluation indicators to compare the water exchange capacity of Longjiang Pond before and after the completion of the water system connectivity project.[Results]The result showed that under current conditions, both relative pollutant concentration and half time of water exchange in Longjiang Pond exhibited an increasing trend from south to north. In the northern lake area, the pollutant concentration decreased the slowest, with the half time of water exchange generally exceeding 2 weeks. In contrast, the southern lake area experienced the fastest decline in pollutant concentration, with the half time of water exchange generally within one week. After the implementation of the water system connectivity project, both the relative pollutant concentration and the half time of water exchange became higher in the western region than in the eastern region. The pollutant concentration in the northern lake area declined more rapidly, especially in the eastern region near Water System Connectivity Project No. 1, where the relative concentration decreased to 0.17 on the second day of simulation. In the southern lake area, the decline in pollutant concentration slowed during the first 10 days, especially in the western area, where the half time of water exchange increased from 6 to 14 days. After 20 days, the relative pollutant concentration decreased to below 0.2.[Conclusion]The findings demonstrate that the water system connectivity project helps accelerate the reduction in relative pollutant concentration and effectively shorten the half time of water exchange in semi-enclosed lakes. However, it weakens the hydrodynamic conditions near the original connecting channels. These findings can provide a practical reference for improving the water environment of similar semi-enclosed lakes.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2064K]

  • Remote sensing inversion of chlorophyll-a concentration in karst plateau lakes based on gradient boosting machine

    CAO Weitang;ZHOU Zhongfa;KONG Jie;WANG Yanbi;XIE Rukai;School of Karst Science,Guizhou Normal University;Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing and Application of Remote Sensing Big Data;School of Geography&Environmental Science,Guizhou Normal University;Anshun Agricultural Environment Field Observation and Research Station,MARA;

    [Objective]For karst plateau lakes,traditional remote sensing models face challenges of spectral signal mixing and insufficient fitting of nonlinear relationships due to high p H values (average>8.2),high suspended particulate matter (SPM>50 mg/L),and seasonal hydrological fluctuations.The Pingzhai Reservoir,a typical karst plateau lake,is taken as the study area,and the aim is to achieve high-precision remote sensing inversion of chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration in such water bodies.[Methods]Sentinel-2 MSI Level 2A imagery (with a spatial resolution of 10～60 m) and data from 40 field sampling points were used.A “shortwave-sensitive single-band+cross-band linear combination” feature engineering strategy was proposed to screen highly sensitive spectral features (including single bands B3,B1,B2,B5,B4 and linear combinations such as B1+B3,B2+B3,B3+B5).Additionally,a remote sensing inversion framework for Chla concentration was constructed by leveraging the efficient fitting capability of the Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) model for nonlinear relationships.The fitting capability of the model for the nonlinear relationship between spectral features and Chla concentration was enhanced through data preprocessing and hyperparameter optimization.[Results]The result showed that the constructed GBM model achieved an inversion accuracy with a coefficient of determination (R~2) of 0.908,root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.731μg/L,and mean absolute error(MAE) of 0.529μg/L,representing a 62% improvement in accuracy compared to the traditional single-band linear model (B3 band,R~2=0.560 7).The Chla concentration in Pingzhai Reservoir showed significant seasonal characteristics,with average values of 10.22μg/L in summer,2.46μg/L in winter,6.01μg/L in spring,and 5.88μg/L in autumn.Its variation was primarily driven by water temperature (correlation coefficient r=0.730) and total organic carbon (TOC,correlation coefficient r=0.783),and the negative feedback mechanism of total nitrogen bioavailability in high p H environments reflected the distinctive characteristics of karst water bodies.[Conclusion]The findings provide a technical solution of“sensitive band combination+machine learning”for high-precision remote sensing monitoring of Chla concentration in karst plateau lakes,while also offering scientific support for reservoir water quality management and ecological protection.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1092K]

  • Simulation study of rhombic pipe sedimentation structures for removal of suspended solids in urban landscape water bodies

    LIU Jiali;ZHANG Jing;WANG Qi;HAN Huiling;ZHAO Jinyong;CHEN Tianpeng;ZHU Hongtao;College of Urban and Rural Construction, Hebei Agricultural University;China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research;School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University;

    [Objective]Rhombic pipe sedimentation structures have been widely used for water pollution treatment in water plants and reservoirs. However, their utilization efficiency in the in-situ treatment of urban landscape water bodies polluted with suspended solids(SS) remains unclear. The aim is to explore the relationship between structural parameters and efficiency when rhombic pipe sedimentation structures are applied to water bodies with different levels of SS pollution.[Methods]Two structural parameters of the rhombic pipes—pipe diameter and pipe length—were selected, and 9 geometric models of rhombic pipes were established. Two inflow variables, SS concentration and SS particle size, were set to form five different wastewater scenarios. Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) software was used to conduct solid-liquid two-phase flow numerical simulations, and field tests were set up to calibrate the model-solving parameters. The rhombic pipe structural parameters were selected based on removal efficiency.[Results]The result showed that under water pollution scenarios dominated by SS concentration and SS particle size, the rhombic pipe structure with a 40 mm diameter and 2 000 mm length achieved the highest removal efficiency, with average removal rates of 87.3% and 75.4%, respectively. The removal efficiency increased with rising SS concentration and particle size in the influent. Additionally, removal efficiency exhibited a strong positive correlation with the uniformity of velocity field inside the pipes, and a moderate negative correlation with pipe clogging.[Conclusion]The result indicate that under fluctuating influent water quality conditions, the rhombic pipe structure with a 40 mm diameter and 2 000 mm length demonstrates strong stability in SS removal efficiency, validating its high potential for efficient application of rhombic pipe sedimentation structures in in-situ treatment of urban landscape water bodies.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2002K]

  • Optimization method for sponge city construction based on capacity trading and multi-scale mesh division

    LIU Ankang;XU Qing;ZHU Wenjin;ZHANG Yang;KUANG Lijie;HUANG Delong;XIE Qinghai;YAN Jiakun;School of Civil and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University;

    [Objective]To address the issues of high construction costs and low resource allocation efficiency in the application of Low Impact Development(LID) facilities in sponge city construction, [Methods] an optimization strategy based on capacity trading and multi-scale mesh division is proposed. The study area was divided into meshes at scales of 100 m, 200 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m. The Sequential Least Squares Quadratic Programming(SLSQP) optimization algorithm and capacity trading mechanism were integrated to simulate the runoff “transfer” potential between different units and allocate LID facilities as required.[Results]The result showed that as the trading scale increased, the runoff reduction effect gradually strengthened. Compared to the 100 m trading scale, when the runoff coefficient control target was met, the required LID facility construction areas for the 200 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m trading scales were reduced by 28.48 hm~2, 87.33 hm~2, and 138.16 hm~2, respectively. When the runoff control rate was set as a constraint, the required LID facility construction areas for the 200 m, 500 m, and 1 000 m trading scales were reduced by 24.74 hm~2, 117.32 hm~2, and 192.18 hm~2, respectively.[Conclusion]Comprehensive analysis shows that as the trading scale increases, the required construction area for LID facilities gradually decreases. However, when the trading scale becomes excessively large, the rate of benefit improvement begins to level off. The 500 m trading scale is considered the optimal scale for the study area, as it effectively integrates runoff reduction potential across regions, reduces construction costs, and avoids the diminishing returns associated with excessive large scales. In practical applications, the trading scales should be flexibly selected based on the topography, climate, and functional needs of the specific area to achieve optimal resource allocation and runoff reduction effects. The proposed approach provides a refined and highly coordinated pathway for sponge city construction.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2916K]

  • Runoff forecasting in Beiliu River based on SAO-optimized LSTM model

    ZHENG Kaifeng;MA Xinghua;CUI Guotao;TAO Changdi;School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University;Carbon-Water Research Station in Karst Regions of Northern Guangdong, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University;Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Pearl River Water Conservancy Commission;Key Laboratory of Water Security Guarantee in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of Ministry of Water Resources;Guangxi Water & Power Design Institute Co., Ltd.;

    [Objective]Due to the frequent occurrence of disasters triggered by extreme runoff events under the influence of climate change and human activities, Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)—a deep learning model—has been widely applied for runoff forecasting. However, it still requires improvements in both accuracy and interpretability.[Methods]A hybrid model for runoff forecasting was developed by combining the Snow Ablation Optimizer(SAO) with the LSTM model. Hydrometeorological characteristics of the watershed(runoff, precipitation, temperature) and six large-scale climate factors selected based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient(PCC) were used as model inputs. The model was compared with the Back Propagation(BP) neural network, and the Shapley value method was applied to analyze the importance and contribution of the input features.[Results]The SAO-LSTM model achieved a Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE) of 0.26, a Coefficient of Determination(R~2) of 0.80, and a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE) of 0.80, significantly outperforming both the LSTM and BP models and demonstrating excellent generalization ability. Shapley interpretation result indicated that precipitation was the key driving factor, while large-scale climate factors had no significant impact on small watersheds and failed to improve the model's forecasting performance.[Conclusion]The SAO-LSTM model significantly improves forecasting performance and exhibits excellent generalization ability and robustness. For runoff forecasting in small watersheds, precipitation is the key driving factor, with significantly higher importance than other feature variables, while large-scale climate factors contribute relatively little. The proposed SAO-LSTM model offers higher forecasting accuracy, provides insights into key factors influencing runoff, demonstrates excellent generalization ability, and shows promising application potential, thereby offering model support for flood control and drought decision-making.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1097K]

  • Non-stationary evolutionary characteristic analysis of coastal extreme water levels under sea level rise

    YANG Siru;YANG Yangyang;FANG Jiayi;MO Zhihui;ZHU Siying;ZHANG Feng;HU Tangao;Institute of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University;Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Wetland Intelligent Monitoring and Ecological Restoration;Second Institute Of Oceanography,MNR;Ocean College,Zhejiang University;

    [Objective]The rising global sea level has undermined the stationary assumption in coastal water level observations, [Results]ing in significant alterations in the return period and return level of extreme water levels in coastal regions. Hence, it is imperative to assess the impact of sea level rise on extreme water levels under a non-stationary framework, offering scientific insights for coastal protection engineering design in these areas.[Methods]Tidal observation from the tide gauges in Wenzhou and Taizhou in Zhejiang Province was analyzed. Non-stationary assumption was validated via trend analysis. Non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value(GEV) and Generalized Pareto Distribution(GPD) models were constructed with time-dependent parameters, and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) sampling was applied for posterior parameter estimation. Model performance was evaluated using Akaike(AIC) and Bayesian(BIC) information criteria, while risk dynamics were quantified through effective return levels(ERL) and expected waiting time(EWT).[Results]Distinct trends were detected in all three stations, making the adoption of non-stationary extreme value theory models more appropriate. The GPD model outperformed GEV. Under non-stationary, the return period of the 100-year extreme water level is projected to reduce dramatically.[Conclusion]The GPD model is more suitable for non-stationary risk prediction due to its sensitivity to high-frequency extremes. The estimation result of extreme water levels are impacted by the selection of model thresholds. With the rise in sea level, the frequency and intensity of flood disaster risks in coastal areas will significantly increase, necessitating dynamic updates of coastal defense standards. The findings advances the method ological application of non-stationary extreme value theory in climate change adaptation and serves as a reference for coastal defense engineering design.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1446K]

  • Backstepping sliding mode control of doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage units

    DING Zhixia;FANG Qinyuan;LIU Jian;LI Sai;School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology;

    [Objective]Doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage units have significant value in enhancing the consumption capacity of renewable energy and improving grid stability. However, their complex electromechanical coupling characteristics still pose notable technical challenges. To effectively mitigate power fluctuations from wind and solar power generation, it is necessary to develop a variable-speed pumped storage system that integrates electromechanical dynamic analysis, power decoupling mechanisms, and fast-response control.[Methods]Sliding mode control, as an effective control method for time-varying nonlinear systems, exhibits good control performance in variable-speed pumped storage systems, but its inherent chattering issue still affects system regulation accuracy. To address the issue, a backstepping sliding mode control strategy was proposed, which effectively suppressed system chattering and achieved power decoupling control by regulating power transmission between the grid-side and rotor-side converters of the doubly-fed induction generator. Compared with conventional sliding mode control, the proposed approach was validated through simulations under four scenarios: typical steady-state condition, rapid power variation, parameter variation, and wind power-pumped storage hybrid system.[Results]The result showed that under the three scenarios of rapid power variation, parameter variation, and wind power-pumped storage hybrid systems, backstepping sliding mode control could stably track power variations, while traditional sliding mode control lost power tracking capability after 51.154 7 s, 38.438 4 s, and 10 s, respectively.[Conclusion]Compared with traditional sliding mode control, backstepping sliding mode control demonstrates faster power response speed, stronger robustness, and better stability.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1286K]

  • Simulation of spatiotemporal response of baseflow to vegetation variations based on coupled application of ensemble baseflow separation technique and SWAT model

    ZHOU Fan;HAI Qingfeng;CAI Desheng;WANG Shengping;MA Mengyao;QU Siyi;LI Wenxin;WANG Kewen;LIU Yiyao;School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University;

    [Objective]Baseflow is a relatively stable component of runoff. Accurately characterizing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of baseflow in river basins, especially its response to vegetation variations, is crucial for water resource and river basin management in the water-scarce mountainous areas of northern China.[Methods]The SWAT model was coupled with the numerical simulation-based ensemble baseflow separation technique. Taking the Xiaoluan River Basin as an example, the spatiotemporal variations of baseflow in the study area were analyzed, and the controlling effect of vegetation variations on river basin baseflow were investigated.[Results]The result showed that:(1) the coupled application of the SWAT model and the ensemble baseflow separation technique could effectively simulate the hydrological processes in areas with limited baseflow. The baseflow simulation performed well, with a coefficient of determination as high as 0.9, demonstrating strong applicability of this method.(2) From 2006 to 2020, the annual and growing-season runoff and baseflow in the Xiaoluan River Basin showed an overall decreasing trend, although the trend was not significant. In contrast, the runoff and baseflow during the non-growing season increased significantly(p<0.05).(3) During the study period, baseflow remained generally stable in approximately 35.85% of the river basin area, with distribution across the upper, middle, and lower reaches. In the mountainous area near the dam, baseflow in some sub-basins even showed a significant increase(accounting for 22.47% of the river basin area). In contrast, in the alpine meadow area above the dam, baseflow showed a slight decrease(accounting for 18.32% of the river basin area) or a significant declining trend(accounting for 19.82% of the total area).(4) Vegetation was one of the important influencing factors for the improvement of baseflow processes in the study basin. In most parts of the mountainous area near the dam, NDVI and baseflow showed a positive correlation, and some sub-basins even showed a significant positive correlation(accounting for 10.68% of the total river basin), indicating that vegetation restoration was conducive to the improvement of baseflow processes in the study area to a certain extent.[Conclusion]At present, the increase in vegetation cover in the study area has a certain positive controlling effect on baseflow process. However, due to the interaction of processes such as spring snowmelt recharge, the controlling effect of vegetation on baseflow under future climate change requires continuous observation and investigation.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2068K]

  • Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of coupling coordination among water resources-economic society-ecological environment system in Jiangsu Province

    LI Zhuoxuan;WANG Xiaojun;CHEN Feng;XU Bin;JIN Zhifeng;ZOU Rui;National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute;College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University;Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources;Jiangsu Hydraulic Research Institute;Jiangsu Research Center of Land and Resources;

    [Objective]In recent years, alongside rapid economic and social development in Jiangsu Province, water resource constraints have tightened and ecological environment pressures has continued to intensify, posing dual challenges of resource utilization and environmental protection to regional development. To comprehensively understand the coordinated development status of the water resources, economic society, and ecological environment systems in Jiangsu Province, the coupling coordination relationship among the subsystems is examined.[Methods]An evaluation index system for the coupling coordination degree(CCD) of the water resources-economic society-ecological environment(WR-ES-EE) system was constructed based on the regional characteristics of Jiangsu Province. The index system was optimized using the information sensitivity method, and a systematic research framework for coupling coordination was established by introducing the CCD model and grey relational analysis method. Based on this framework, the CCD of the WR-ES-EE system in Jiangsu Province and its main influencing factors were measured for the period from 2012 to 2023, following the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system.[Results]The findings indicated that based on the information sensitivity method, the 28 initially selected indicators were reduced to 21, ensuring the scientific soundness and regional suitability of the index system. The comprehensive evaluation index of the WR-ES-EE system in Jiangsu Province increased from 0.23 in 2012 to 0.72 in 2023. The CCD exhibited a stable upward trend, with the coordination type rising from barely coordinated to highly coordinated, and showed a spatial distribution pattern of “high in the south and low in the north”. The total annual water supply, general public budget revenue, and urban sewage treatment rate were identified as the most dominant factors influencing the CCD of each subsystem.[Conclusion]The result show that from 2012 to 2023, the CCD of the WR-ES-EE system in Jiangsu Province gradually increased, the coupling and coordination among systems were progressively enhanced, but some areas still exhibited considerable development potential. The result reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of the WR-ES-EE system in Jiangsu Province, and provide a reference for refined regional water resources management and green sustainable development.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1140K]

  • Characteristics of variation of lake water area in Yamzho-Yumco Basin since 1972

    YANG Jiaojiao;XUE Xinyuan;ZHU Lulu;WU Hongbo;Department of Geographical Science, Shaanxi University of Technology;Xiong'an Aerospace Information Research Institute;Shaanxi Key of Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University;CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences;

    [Objective]The mass inland lakes were distributed on the Xizang Plateau, and both the regional climate change and lake evolution trends could be indicated by changes of lake water area. The trend and characteristics of lake water area change in the Yamzho-Yumco basin was analyzed in the period of 1972—2023.[Methods]These Landsat satellite images were used to extract on the water area of Yamzho-Yumco, Bajiu Co, Kongmu Co, Chen Co, Duo Co, and Puma Yumco, based on the normalized difference water index method. The variation series of daily and annual lake water area were reconstructed in the past 50 years. The GPS measured data were applied to evaluate on the overall error of lake water boundaries. These driving factors of lake water area change were discussed on the data of meteorological stations near the basin, based on linear trend analysis.[Results]In the period of 1972—2023, the lake water area of Yamzho-Yumco, Kongmu Co, Chen Co and Bajiu Co were shrinking. In the meantime, the lake water area of Puma Yumco and Duo Co were expanding. The expansion on the western boundary of Puma Yumco was more obvious. Compared with the average annual water area in 1972, the average annual water areas of Yamzho-Yumco, Kongmu Co, Bajiu Co and Chen Co had shrunk by 82.72 km~2, 2.2 km~2, 2.0 km~2, 0.9 km~2 in 2023, respectively. The average annual water areas of Puma Yumco and Duo Co had expanded by 8.3 km~2 and 0.4 km~2, respectively.[Conclusion]According to the linear analysis, the meteorological element data of the station showed that the average annual temperature and annual precipitation had an increasing tend from 1972 to 2023, but the annual precipitation did not increase significantly. At the same time, the relative humidity and annual evaporation had a decreasing tend, but the relative humidity did not decrease significantly. Overall, the regional climate in Yamzho-Yumco basin was in the warm and humid state, and the mechanism of lake water surface evaporation and glacial-snow meltwater could not be ignored in the process of lake water area change.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1594K]

  • Comparative analysis of evaporation and influencing factors between Three Gorges Reservoir and Taihu Lake

    LIU Jiajia;WANG Baocheng;WANG Lei;HAN Songjun;ZHANG Baozhong;State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research;Three Gorges Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey,Hydrology Bureau of Changjiang Water Resources Commission;

    [Objective]Canyon-shaped reservoirs exhibit significantly different morphological characteristics compared to lakes or lake-type reservoirs. However, in evaporation studies, knowledge and estimation method derived from lake evaporation are often directly applied, which may lead to substantial biases. By comparing the evaporation characteristics and influencing factors between a typical canyon-shaped reservoir(Three Gorges Reservoir) and a lake(Taihu Lake), the differences are revealed from the perspectives of energy balance and water vapor transport, providing support for improving the understanding and estimation accuracy of evaporation in canyon-shaped reservoirs.[Methods]Based on long-term observational data from the floating evaporation station at Badong in the Three Gorges Reservoir(2014—2021) and the Taihu Lake Platform Mountain station(2014—2018), the energy balance equation was employed to analyze the heat storage changes and water vapor transport characteristics of the two water bodies. The monthly evaporation, heat storage variations, and the relationships between the evaporation diffusion coefficient, horizontal wind speed, and water-air temperature difference were compared to uncover the driving mechanisms of evaporation in the two systems.[Results]The study revealed that:(1) The monthly evaporation of the Three Gorges Reservoir exhibits a unique bimodal pattern with peaks in August and December, with the December peak lagging five months behind the net radiation peak, while Taihu Lake shows a single peak in August with only a one-month lag.(2) The heat storage variation in the Three Gorges Reservoir(-12.1 to 14.4 mm/d) was significantly greater than that in Taihu Lake(-0.97 to 0.97 mm/d), with deep-water heat storage effects leading to distinct seasonal variations in evaporation and water temperature between the two.(3) The evaporation diffusion coefficient in the Three Gorges Reservoir shows weak correlation with horizontal wind speed and no significant dependency, remaining stable under positive water-air temperature differences but increasing during inversion periods. In contrast, Taihu Lake's vapor transfer coefficient was influenced by wind speed and increased with the water-air temperature difference.[Conclusion]The evaporation characteristics of canyon-shaped reservoirs like the Three Gorges Reservoir and their energy and dynamic drivers differ significantly from those of lakes(e.g., Taihu Lake). The impact of water heat transfer on energy balance and valley wind circulation induced by topographic effects are likely the primary causes. Therefore, lake-based evaporation method should not be directly applied to canyon-shaped reservoirs. Instead, specialized approaches tailored to canyon-shaped reservoirs must be developed for evaporation observation and estimation.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1013K]

  • Study on evapotranspiration in the Yarkand Oasis and its downstream riparian areas based on a high-resolution remote sensing model

    YAO Xinwang;LIANG Ting;NIU Jianhong;ZHOU Huijun;MUTALIFU Tohoti;LEI Shengxin;YANG Hanbo;Yarkand River Water Resources Management Center of Tarim River Basin;Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University;Yellow River Upstream Hydropower Development Co., Ltd.;

    [Objective]The Yarkand Oasis, a vital oasis in northwestern China, confronts severe water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability. High-spatial-resolution estimation of evapotranspiration(ET) is essential to understand water consumption patterns and support sustainable water resource allocation in this region.[Methods]A 30 m resolution remote sensing ET model was developed by integrating multi-source Landsat data, enabling refined ET estimation across the oasis and downstream riparian areas from 2000 to 2020.[Results]Model validation showed a relative deviation of approximately 10% compared to water balance estimations for total oasis ET. High ET values were concentrated in the irrigated lands and along riverbanks, with a peak daily average ET of approximately 6.1 mm/d. In contrast, low-value zones(daily ET <0.4 mm/d) dominated oasis margins and regions distant from river channels. Downstream riparian ET decreased progressively from the riverbanks outward, with higher ET within 2 km of the riverbanks, exceeding 1 mm/d in some areas. Since 2002, total water consumption in the downstream river channels has shown a fluctuating upward trend, with a multi-year average of 466 million m~3, peaking in 2013 at approximately 880 million m~3. Monthly mean ET displayed distinct seasonal variations, reaching a maximum of 1.0 mm/d in July.[Conclusion]The high-resolution model effectively captures fine-scale ET variations in sparsely vegetated areas, revealing significant spatiotemporal patterns of water consumption. These findings provide critical insights for water resource management and ecological restoration in arid oasis-desert systems.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1941K]

  • Study on temperature and stress distribution characteristics of super high arch dam under solar radiation

    CHENG Zhengfei;HUANG Haodong;OUYANG Jianshu;LIU Ke;LI Ming;HE Wei;China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute;Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University;Institute of Science and Technology, China Three Gorges Corporation;China Three Gorges Construction Engineering (Group) Co., Ltd.;Yalong River Hydropower Development Co., Ltd.;

    [Objective]Researching on the temperature and stress field distribution characteristics as well as mechanisms of super high arch dams under the influence of solar radiation is of great significance for crack prevention in concrete during the operation period.[Methods]An equivalent calculation method was proposed for solar radiation considering shading effects. Taking the Wudongde arch dam as a case study, the study simulates and predicts long-term temperature and stress field variations by equivalently converting solar radiation on dam surfaces into local temperature increments, while accounting for shading effects from clouds, terrain, and insulation materials.[Results]The analytical result demonstrate that under solar radiation, the dam surface temperature increases by 2～5℃ with localized first principal stress elevation of 0.5 MPa. The arch dam surface undergoes integrated temperature rise due to solar radiation absorption, generating discernible temperature gradients near the surface. The left bank downstream surface experiences lesser shading effects, maintaining generally higher temperature and stress fields compared to the right bank.[Conclusion]Although shading reduces total solar radiation reaching the dam surface, it amplifies temperature distribution disparities. Implementing zonal protection strategies is recommended to prevent dam surface cracking caused by non-uniform solar radiation distribution. By elucidating the evolutionary patterns of temperature and stress fields in Wudongde arch dam under solar radiation, the findings establish theoretical foundations for long-term operational safety and provide maintenance references for similar hydraulic projects.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1057K]

  • Construction technology and application of large polyethylene shielded cabin in China Jinping Underground Laboratory

    YANG Mingqing;ZHANG Jian;XU Zihang;SHEN Manbin;YANG Jinzhong;LI Hongbi;Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Limited;Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province;School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Sichuan University;

    [Objective]Underground laboratories are recognized as critical infrastructure for cutting-edge physical research. To support ultra-low radiation background experiments required for national strategic scientific programs including dark matter detection and neutrino studies, the world's largest polyethylene shielding cabin has been successfully constructed in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory Phase Ⅱ.[Methods]Key construction technologies are systematically elaborated, with a novel design method ology being proposed for large-scale polyethylene shielding cabins under spatially constrained underground conditions. Customized seamless joint configurations are innovatively developed for critical cabin components, while deformation and strength characteristics of polyethylene plates are quantitatively evaluated through finite element simulations. Modular assembly protocols optimized for confined construction spaces are comprehensively documented.[Results]Experimental results indicate that polyethylene plate deformations induced by self-weight stress are controlled within machining tolerances, with cumulative vertical shrinkage deformation measured at 3.0 mm. Maximum stress values in individual polyethylene plates are determined as 87.20 kPa, satisfying both structural stability criteria and assembly precision requirements. Post-construction radiation monitoring reveals the gamma background within the shielded zone is reduced by a factor of 31 compared to external levels, outperforming shielding efficiencies reported from leading international underground facilities.[Conclusion]The assembly structure design of the large polyethylene shielding cabin is scientifically reasonable, the mechanical state of the polyethylene assembly board is stable, the construction quality is well controlled, and the radiation shielding effect has reached world-class level. This technological achievement provides method ological references for ultra-low radiation environment construction and modular engineering implementation in geologically constrained underground spaces.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2442K]

  • Simulation analysis of the improvement effect on downstream water temperature at tankeng hydropower station based on FLOW-3D

    SUN Tong;YU Jingshan;GAN Jianli;LI Zhanjie;YUE Qimeng;ZHANG Haotian;XU Hu;XU Shugao;LI Shuang;YANG Zhiyang;Institute of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University;Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Water Cycle and Sponge City Technology;Zhejiang Zheneng Beihai Hydropower Co., Ltd.;

    [Objective]After the completion and operation of the Tankeng Hydropower Station, significant changes have occurred in the water temperature stratification structure of the reservoir area and the spatio-temporal distribution of the water temperature in the downstream river. To optimize the reservoir operation strategy and mitigate the impact of low-temperature water discharge on the river ecosystem, it is urgent to clarify the response relationship between reservoir operation factors and the discharged water temperature, and quantitatively evaluate the improvement effect of regulatory measures.[Methods]Taking the Tankeng Reservoir as the research object, a local three-dimensional numerical model of the water intake was constructed based on the FLOW-3D model. The discharged water temperature processes under different water level conditions in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the combination of 6～8 layers of stop-log gates were simulated respectively. The response law of thermal stratification and the regulation mechanism were analyzed.[Results]The results show that:(1) The vertical thermal stratification structure of the Tankeng Reservoir presents significant seasonal differentiation characteristics. The water temperature stratification phenomenon begins to appear in March and basically disappears in October. Affected by the stop-log gates, the main vertical water temperature difference is concentrated within a water depth of 25 m.(2) In the strong stratification seasons(spring, summer, autumn), the effects of water level on water temperature are 0.1～0.2 ℃/m, 0.1～0.5 ℃/m, and 0.1～0.3 ℃/m respectively. The regulation ranges of a single-layer stop-log gate on the discharged water temperature are 0.4～0.8 ℃, 1.5～2.3 ℃, and 0.6～2.1 ℃ respectively. In the weak stratification season(winter), the impacts of unit water level and stop-log gate on the discharged water temperature are below 0.1 ℃ and 0.3 ℃ respectively.(3) When the stop-log gate is set below the thermocline, the intake water temperature is low. Adding one more layer of stop-log gate in spring, summer, autumn and winter can increase the discharged water temperature by 0.7 ℃, 2.2 ℃, 1.8 ℃ and 0.2 ℃ respectively.[Conclusion]The results indicate that during the strong stratification period, the stop-log gate can significantly improve the discharged water temperature by controlling the intake water depth, which is better than the single water-level regulation measure, and the regulation effect is better when it is set above the thermocline. In the seasons with weak thermal stratification, the regulation effects of both measures are significantly weakened, which is directly related to the flattening of the vertical water temperature gradient. Therefore, it is recommended that during the reservoir operation and regulation, the reservoir storage and the arrangement of stop-log gates should be reasonably planned in combination with the seasonal changes of the thermocline to ensure water intake above the thermocline.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1295K]

  • Research progress on spatiotemporal data management technologies for natural resources

    JIN Zixin;WANG Yan;DOU Xiaonan;MENG Jie;YUE Jianwei;LEI Tianjie;Henan Institute of Geographic Information;Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University;State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth;Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;

    [Objective]Spatiotemporal data management technologies for natural resources have long been a research focus in the field of natural resources. The aim is to clarify the current research status and identify future development trends in this area.[Methods]A structural relational approach is employed to construct an analytical framework centered on natural resource databases. Taking various component technologies as entry points—including natural resource data modeling method, spatiotemporal indexing techniques, and data update method —the content and relationships of key technologies and method for spatiotemporal data management of natural resources are systematically reviewed. Based on the connections between the whole and its parts, future development trends of spatiotemporal data management technologies for natural resources in data application, data modeling, data retrieval, and data updating are analyzed.[Results]At present, technologies for spatiotemporal data management in natural resources are relatively mature in areas such as static entity representation, structured spatiotemporal indexing, homogeneous data updating, and 2 D data storage and sharing. These technologies can effectively support digital data management within a single domain or under a specific modality. However, there are still technical bottlenecks in multi-source data fusion, multimodal model construction, and dynamic data indexing and updating.[Conclusion]To achieve the goals of automated and intelligent data management, future research should focus on the development of multimodal, dynamic, and refined data management technologies.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 751K]

  • Basic characteristics and deformation mechanism of Zhoujiagou landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir area

    ZHU Xiaohan;ZHOU Mengting;DENG Maolin;PENG Xu;SU Pengmin;LIANG Zhikang;LI Yuzhou;TONG Shuai;Hubei Yangtze River Three Gorges Landslide National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, China Three Gorges University;College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, China Three Gorges University;

    [Objective]The impact of reservoir water level fluctuations and rainfall on the cumulative displacement monitoring curves of water-related soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is investigated, with a focus on periodic abrupt changes. Enhanced accuracy in landslide disaster warnings and improved effectiveness of prevention and control measures are deemed essential to prevent misjudgments in deformation stages and to address early warning failures caused by abrupt deformations.[Methods]The Zhoujiagou landslide, located in the Tongzhuang River Basin, is examined through the integration of reservoir water level and rainfall data, supported by monitoring records and field investigations. The finite element software Geo-Studio is utilized to compute seepage fields, displacement fields, and stability under actual conditions, with the objective of analyzing deformation characteristics and instability mechanisms.[Results]From April 2022 to April 2024, four abrupt deformation events were observed in the cumulative displacement monitoring curve of the Zhoujiagou landslide, closely correlated with heavy rainfall(daily rainfall exceeding 35.6 mm) and accompanied by a distinct lag effect. At reservoir water levels above 160 meters, inward-directed dynamic water pressure was found to enhance slope stability, raising the rainfall threshold to 40 mm.[Conclusion]The stability of the Zhoujiagou landslide is significantly affected by reservoir water level fluctuations and rainfall infiltration, with rainfall identified as the primary trigger for deformation. These insights provide valuable scientific guidance for the monitoring, early warning, and prevention of similar landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 2447K]

  • Study on the dynamic erosion process of rock-ice avalanches and the characteristic of geomorphic evolution

    ZHANG Tiantian;LI Bin;GAO Haoyuan;GAO Shaohua;Zhejiang Huadong Geotechnical Investigation & Design Institute Corporation Limited;PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited;Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Science;China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring;

    [Objective]The dam-break floods triggered by rock-ice avalanches in the river channel are highly destructive to downstream towns and major hydropower projects. To reveal the relationship between the dynamic erosion of rock-ice disaster chains, geomorphic evolution, and river damming, [Methods]taking the Sedongpu Gully in southeastern Xizang as an example, the study employed multi-source and multi-temporal optical remote sensing image interpretation, DEM differencing, UAV aerial surveys, and field investigations to explore the process of ice-rock chain movement transformation and its geomorphic effects.[Results]The research indicates that since 2010, the source areas of rock-ice avalanches have mainly been concentrated on steep slopes above 4,000 meters in altitude, with a maximum cumulative erosion depth of approximately 75 meters. In the valley section at an altitude of 3 000～4 000 m, erosion is predominant. The maximum cumulative erosion depth in the 5 km long valley is approximately 300 m, and the maximum widening width of the valley exceeds 500 m. The area below 3 000 m is a flowing accumulation zone, where the maximum cumulative accumulation thickness exceeds 50 m, and the accumulation blocking the riverbed has caused it to rise by more than 40 m. Influenced by the curved terrain of the valley, debris flows/mudflows not only erode the base but also exhibit strong lateral erosion on the bank slopes. The cumulative volume of unstable bank slopes on the concave bank exceeds 4×10~7 m~3, with a re-migration rate of the accumulation body reaching 75%, providing a material supply for the volume amplification effect of the disaster.[Conclusion]During the long-distance movement of ice-rock debris flows, their high-speed impact not only causes rapid erosion and deepening of the valley floor but also leads to erosion damage and widening of the concave bank slope due to centrifugal force at bends. The result ing landslide deposits are subsequently scraped and entrained again, amplifying the disaster volume, accelerating the transportation of valley materials, and promoting geomorphic evolution.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 9122K]

  • Model test of landslide of hanging rock wall under the action of reservoir water and rainstorm

    LU Yingfa;HU Feng;WU Jingrong;School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology;College of Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology;

    [Objective]Water level fluctuations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and rainfall are recognized as major triggers of landslides. To investigate the deformation and failure mechanisms of reservoir landslides under the coupled effects of reservoir drawdown and heavy rainfall, [Methods]a 1:87 scaled physical model of the Diaoyanbi landslide was constructed. Changes in internal stress and deformation processes within the landslide were detected using pore water pressure sensors, soil pressure sensors, and displacement sensors. Five scenarios were designed, and a two-stage loading test was conducted, combined with numerical modeling using geotechnical simulation software. A stability evaluation model for the Diaoyanbi landslide was established based on the limit equilibrium method.[Results]The result indicated that heavy rainfall increased the pore water pressure within the sliding body by 126.7%, significantly exceeding the water pressure under single rapid drawdown scenarios. Soil pressure exhibited varying changes across different positions of the landslide; at the front edge, rapid water drawdown reduced the soil pressure from 3.5 kPa to 2.84 kPa, while in the middle-upper section, rainfall loading increased the soil pressure from 2.02 kPa to 2.83 kPa. Displacement monitoring revealed that cumulative displacement under Scenario 5 reached 0.848 m, 5.65 times greater than that of the single water drawdown scenario. Numerical simulations showed that the influence of reservoir drawdown on stability accounted for 48.6%, while the impact of heavy rainfall accounted for 51.4%.[Conclusion]The findings demonstrated that rapid reservoir drawdown predominantly deteriorates landslide stability, inducing frontal traction failure through the gradient of seepage pressure, while rainfall intensifies shear band softening and drives rear-edge push deformation. The coupling of these factors produces a chain failure effect, with the safety factor under the “175 m to 145 m water level drawdown + heavy rainfall” scenario decreasing by 8.1%, representing the most adverse condition.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1682K]

  • Study on fluidity and mechanical properties of organic-matter-rich dredged sediment-based flowable solidified soil

    XUE Fei;WEI Yonghong;SHAO Chenglong;DING Yuanbo;CAI Xin;ZHANG Jiahui;WANG Hongwei;China First Highway Engineering Co., Ltd.;School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University;

    [Objective]Traditional solidification materials, such as cement and lime, have poor improvement effects on organic-matter-rich dredged sediment, and the sediment needs to be pre-dewatered, which reduces construction efficiency. [Methods] A novel solid waste-based cementitious material, combined with potassium permanganate, were used for the flowable solidification treatment of high-water-content, organic-matter-rich dredged sediment to prepare flowable solidified soil. Flowability tests and unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests were conducted to investigate the effects of potassium permanganate dosage and organic matter content on the flowability and UCS of solidified sediment. [Results]These findings indicated that when the organic matter content was 7%, flowability of solidified sediment increased with increasing potassium permanganate dosage. At potassium permanganate dosages of 2% and 3%, the flowability of the solidified sediment(170 mm and 204 mm) met the standard requirements. However, when the organic matter content was 8.5% and 10%, the flowability of solidified sediment decreased as potassium permanganate dosage increased. Under the same potassium permanganate dosage, increase in organic matter content significantly reduced UCS of the solidified sediment. When the organic matter content was constant, an increase in potassium permanganate from 0% to 1% resulted in a significant decrease in UCS. Further increases to 3% led to a slower decrease in UCS. [Conclusion]Organic matter and potassium permanganate affect the formation of hydration products of the solid waste-based cementitious material, leading to a reduction in the mechanical properties of the solidified sediment. The research findings provide theoretical guidance for the engineering application of flowable solidified soil made from high-water content, organic-matter-rich sediment.

    2026 02 v.57;No.628 [Abstract][OnlineView][Download 1302K]
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